Patients with acute peritonitis typically present with sudden and severe abdominal pain, which may be localized or diffuse. The pain is often accompanied by tenderness, especially when the abdomen is touched or pressed. Other common symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, and a bloated abdomen. In severe cases, patients may experience shock, characterized by low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and confusion.

The workup for acute peritonitis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. A thorough physical examination is crucial, focusing on abdominal tenderness and signs of peritoneal irritation. Blood tests may reveal elevated white blood cell counts, indicating infection or inflammation. Imaging studies, such as an abdominal X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan, can help identify the underlying cause, such as a perforated organ or abscess.

Treatment of acute peritonitis depends on the underlying cause but generally involves antibiotics to combat infection and surgery if necessary. In cases of bacterial peritonitis, broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered promptly. Surgical intervention may be required to repair any perforations, remove infected tissue, or drain abscesses. Supportive care, including intravenous fluids and pain management, is also essential to stabilize the patient.

The prognosis for acute peritonitis varies based on the cause, the patient's overall health, and the timeliness of treatment. With prompt and appropriate treatment, many patients recover fully. However, delayed treatment or severe cases can lead to complications such as sepsis, organ failure, or even death. Chronic or recurrent peritonitis may occur in some patients, requiring ongoing medical management.

Acute peritonitis can arise from various causes, including bacterial infections, chemical irritation, or trauma. Common infectious causes include perforation of the gastrointestinal tract, such as a ruptured appendix or stomach ulcer, leading to bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity. Non-infectious causes may include pancreatitis, bile leakage, or foreign bodies introduced during surgery.

Acute peritonitis can affect individuals of all ages, but certain populations are at higher risk. These include patients with a history of abdominal surgery, gastrointestinal diseases, or weakened immune systems. The incidence of peritonitis varies globally, influenced by factors such as healthcare access, prevalence of underlying conditions, and hygiene standards.

The pathophysiology of acute peritonitis involves the inflammatory response of the peritoneum to infection or irritation. When bacteria or irritants enter the peritoneal cavity, the body mounts an immune response, leading to inflammation, fluid accumulation, and tissue damage. This process can disrupt normal organ function and, if unchecked, spread infection throughout the body.

Preventing acute peritonitis involves addressing risk factors and underlying conditions. Good surgical practices, including sterile techniques and careful handling of abdominal organs, can reduce the risk of postoperative peritonitis. Managing chronic gastrointestinal conditions and promptly treating infections can also help prevent the development of peritonitis.

Acute peritonitis is a serious condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, often due to infection or injury. It presents with severe abdominal pain and systemic symptoms, requiring urgent medical attention. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and imaging, while treatment typically includes antibiotics and possibly surgery. The prognosis depends on timely intervention and the underlying cause.

For patients, understanding acute peritonitis is crucial for recognizing symptoms and seeking timely care. If you experience sudden, severe abdominal pain, especially with fever or vomiting, it is important to seek medical evaluation. Treatment often involves antibiotics and may require surgery, but with prompt care, recovery is possible. Maintaining good health practices and managing existing medical conditions can help reduce the risk of developing peritonitis.