Patients with ovarian torsion typically present with sudden onset of severe, sharp, or stabbing pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. The pain is often unilateral, meaning it occurs on one side of the body. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and sometimes abnormal bleeding. The pain may come and go as the ovary twists and untwists, but persistent pain is a common feature.

The diagnosis of ovarian torsion is primarily clinical, supported by imaging studies. A pelvic ultrasound, often with Doppler flow studies, is the preferred imaging technique. It can show an enlarged ovary and reduced or absent blood flow, which are indicative of torsion. In some cases, a CT scan or MRI may be used to provide additional information. Blood tests may be conducted to rule out other conditions, but they are not definitive for diagnosing torsion.

The primary treatment for ovarian torsion is surgical intervention. The goal of surgery is to untwist the ovary and restore its blood supply. This procedure is often done laparoscopically, which is minimally invasive. If the ovary is not viable due to prolonged lack of blood flow, it may need to be removed. Prompt surgical treatment is crucial to preserve ovarian function and prevent complications.

The prognosis for ovarian torsion largely depends on the timeliness of treatment. If treated quickly, the ovary can often be saved, and normal function can be restored. Delayed treatment increases the risk of losing the ovary, which can affect fertility and hormonal balance. Early intervention generally leads to a good outcome with minimal long-term effects.

Ovarian torsion can occur due to several factors. It is more common in women with ovarian cysts or masses, as these can increase the weight of the ovary and make it more prone to twisting. Other risk factors include pregnancy, hormonal treatments that stimulate the ovaries, and anatomical variations such as long ovarian ligaments. In some cases, the exact cause is not identifiable.

Ovarian torsion is relatively rare, accounting for about 3% of gynecological emergencies. It can occur at any age but is most common in women of reproductive age. It is less common in postmenopausal women and prepubescent girls. The condition can affect women with or without underlying ovarian pathology.

The pathophysiology of ovarian torsion involves the twisting of the ovary around its supporting ligaments, which compromises its blood supply. This can lead to ischemia, or lack of oxygen, and eventually necrosis, or tissue death, if not corrected. The twisting can also affect the fallopian tube, leading to additional complications.

There are no guaranteed methods to prevent ovarian torsion, but managing risk factors can help. Regular gynecological check-ups can identify ovarian cysts or masses that may predispose to torsion. In some cases, prophylactic surgery may be considered for women with recurrent torsion or significant risk factors.

Ovarian torsion is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. It presents with acute abdominal pain and can lead to loss of the ovary if not treated quickly. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by imaging studies. Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment, and early action is crucial for a favorable outcome. Understanding the risk factors and symptoms can aid in early detection and management.

If you experience sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, especially if accompanied by nausea or vomiting, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Ovarian torsion is a condition that can affect women of all ages, and early treatment is essential to preserve ovarian function. Regular check-ups and awareness of your body can help in identifying potential issues early.